People with iodine deficiency have goiters because they do not make enough thyroid hormone. Who global database on iodine deficiency, geneva, world health organization, 2004. These effects are due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone and are termed iodinedeficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. Iodine deficiency is an important global health issue, especially for fertile and pregnant women. Activities related to iodine deficiency commenced in 1962 with iodization of edible salt, as iodine deficiency was known to cause high prevalence of goitre and cretinism. The spectrum of iodine deficiency disorders, idd ref. Pdf on oct 31, 2015, kavitha menon and others published iodine deficiency disorders find, read and cite all the research you need on. The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine. These disorders result from a diet low in iodine, which is particularly damaging during early pregnancy because it retards foetal development, especially brain development, causing a range of intellectual, motor and hearing deficits. Patients with a big goiter might experience symptoms of choking, particularly when. When left untreated, iodine deficiency can lead to severe hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency disorder and the world health organization.
Iodine measuring kits are available through beyond health. Both insufficient and excessive iodine intake can result in thyroid disease. The adverse effects of iodine deficiency in populations decreased iq, goiter, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism are easily corrected with salt iodisation. Worldwide, iodine deficiency disease is the most common cause of thyroid augmentation and goiter. The social and economical benefits of idd eradication and the contribution their. Iodine deficiency is when there is not enough iodine in the body.
Iodine deficiency iodine deficiency disorders idd refer to a number of disorders whereby iodine deficiency has an effect on growth and development. In the united states, as well as around the world, the most vulnerable populations to the consequences of iodine deficiency are. The world health organization recommends salt iodization as the best strategy to prevent iodine deficiency disorders worldwide 41 and therefore vegans should be encouraged to use iodized salt at. Iodine enters the body in the form of iodate or iodide in the water we drink or food we eat, one paper explains. The iodate is converted into iodide in the stomach. Milder forms of iodine insufficiency exist in nongoitrous aspects, such as. Other symptoms include dry skin, fatigue and hair loss.
Consensus statement on iodine deficiency disorders in hong. Twenty million of these are believed to be significantly mentally handicapped due to. Both iodine deficiency and excess have adverse consequences for the thyroid gland. Globally, a large percentage of the worlds population is affected by iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment worldwide. Assessment of iodine deficiency status among jordanian. Goiter see figures 12, page 21 the term goiter means a thyroid gland that is bigger than normal. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. The thyroid gland traps and concentrates iodide and uses it in the synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones it is estimated that 75% of the iodide taken into the body each day enters the thyroid by active transport.
Iodine deficiency not only results in a syndrome known as iodine deficiency disorder idd but can also, in extreme cases, ultimately result in goiter, the overt manifestation of thyroid gland enlargement stimulated by deficiency of the thyroid hormones. Review article fluorosis and iodine deficiency disorders. Severe iodine deficiency causes goitre and hypothyroidism because, despite an increase in thyroid activity to maximise iodine uptake and recycling in this setting, iodine concentrations are still too low. The iodine deficiency disorders endotext ncbi bookshelf. Inadequate iodine intake leads to inadequate thyroid hormone production, and all the consequences of iodine deficiency stem from the associated hypothyroidism. Subsequently the term idd was coined to include goitre and other disorders caused due to iodine deficiency. It is a global public health problem and, in combating it, emphasis should be placed on diagnosis and correction at the level of the community rather than the individual. Assembly recognized that iodine deficiency is the worlds greatest single cause of preventable mental retardation, and established the goal of eliminating it as a public health problem by the year 2000. Iodine is a dark violet nonmetallic element that belongs to a group of halogens but is less reactive than the other halogens. The pyramid shows the visible effects of iodine deficiency disorders idd goitre and cretinism account only for 110% of these, whereas 90% of the effects remain hidden. Iodine deficiency early in life impairs cognition and growth, but iodine status is also a key determinant of thyroid disorders in adults. When severe iodine deficiency occurs during pregnancy, it is associated with fetal hypothyroidism, mental impairment, and increased neonatal. Today, the number of households estimated to be consuming iodized salt has jumped dramatically from 20 percent in 1990 to more than 70 percent. Iodine deficiency disorders it is a major nutrition problem in india and other neighbouring countries like bangladesh, bhutan, indonesia, nepal, sri lanka and thailand.
Abstractiodine is an essential element to human health. Iodine deficiency is a significant cause of mental developmental problems in children, including implications on reproductive functions and lowering of iq levels in. Council for control of iodine deficiency disorders concerning the legal status of any. Iodine is an element that directly affects thyroid gland secretions, which themselves to a great extent control heart action, nerve response to stimuli, rate of body growth, and metabolism iodine is essential for normal thyroid hormone production and can be obtained only from the diet.
The prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. The best way to measure iodine levels is with an iodine loading test. Iodine deficiency simple english wikipedia, the free. Thus, iodine deficiency was a leading global cause of preventable mental impairment. The term iodine deficiency disorders refers to all of the consequences of iodine deficiency, which depend on its severity and the age of the affected subject. Iodine deficiency not only leads to goiter and cretinism but also to a much broad spectrum of disorders. In developing countries, iodine deficiency has been identified as one of the modifiable factors that have an adverse effect on child development. Thyroid disorders are some of the most frequent diseases in the world, with about 1. Iodine deficiency is well documented as the most common cause of preventable mental retardation. Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as iodine deficiency disorders idds.
In this test, a measured amount of iodine is taken orally, and the amount of iodine excreted in the urine over the next 24 hours is measured. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as cretinism due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. Council for control of iodine deficiency disorders concerning the legal status of any country. This causes iodine deficiency which gives rise to goiter socalled endemic goiter, as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other. Iodine deficiency is the single most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage in the world. At that time, idd was a public health problem in many. The deficiency has an immediate effect on child learning capacity, womens health, the qualities of life in. In terms of iodine deficiency andor of thyroid hormones deficiency there may appear. Fluorideinduced developmental disorders and iodine deficiency disorders as examples of developmental disorders due to disturbed thyroid hormone metabolism spittle 310 310 iodine deficiency. The iodine deficiency disorders iodine global network.
The prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders unscn. Iodine deficiency, condition in which iodine is insufficient or is not utilized properly. In bangladesh, the national nutrition services nns is being implemented to prevent these. Iodine deficiency has many adverse effects on growth and development. Goitre and cretinism were only found in significant extent in himalaya goitre belt which is the worlds biggest goitre belt. Congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal iodine deficiency is a leading cause of preventable mental retardation 10. Iodine deficiency disorders idd are recognized as a major global public health problem. Iodinerich diets and iodinization of salt around the world has reduced the prevalence of endemic goiters. The iodine deficiency disorders thyroid disease manager.
Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in europe the lancet. Iodine deficiency in israel anyway chofamba, chen hao, dat t nguyen, hozen ricchie rose a, vigneshwaran ganesan, vishakha bambroo abstract iodine is a very essential and critical trace element for proper health, in all stages of life, and is closely related to the quality of human body and intelligence quotient. Accscn documents may be reproduced without prior permission, but please attribute to accscn. Iodine deficiency diseases are a group of diseases that are or can be caused by the lack of iodine in the body. Sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency unicef. Tiny amounts of iodine to offset huge health risks a teaspoon of iodine, spread over a lifetime, is all that is needed to prevent a host of debilitating health problems collectively known as iodinedeficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders idd are currently a significant health problem in 118 countries. The remainder distributed throughout other tissues, like mammary. Although a minute quantity of iodine suffices to ensure a persons iodine adequacy, iodine deficiency remains a major public health problem. Iodine deficiency triggers different afflictions depending on the age of the affected person. Iodine deficiency is the single greatest cause of preventable men.
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